{"id":59433,"date":"2019-12-12T13:58:02","date_gmt":"2019-12-12T09:58:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alsahwa.om\/?p=59433"},"modified":"2019-12-12T13:58:02","modified_gmt":"2019-12-12T09:58:02","slug":"%d9%83%d9%8a%d9%81-%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%88%d9%85%d8%9f","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alsahwa.om\/?p=59433","title":{"rendered":"\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u061f"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0648\u0629 &#8211; <strong>\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a\u00a0 \u0634\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629, \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627. \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u062a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u062c\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645, \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u061b \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u064a\u0643\u0646\u0647\u064a\u062f (Aikenhea, 2011)\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0647\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u00a0 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 &#8220;\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u061f&#8221; \u0633\u0646\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0630\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u00a0\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0648\u0632\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u00a0\u060c\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645\u00a0 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"59436\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/alsahwa.om\/?attachment_id=59436\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/alsahwa.om\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/46e99f015576535827c0b99aa8b72b42-scaled.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"2560,1448\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;2.8&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;NIKON D700&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1202934337&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;17&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;400&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.01&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"46e99f015576535827c0b99aa8b72b42\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/alsahwa.om\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/46e99f015576535827c0b99aa8b72b42-300x170.jpg\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/alsahwa.om\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/46e99f015576535827c0b99aa8b72b42-1024x579.jpg\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-59436\" src=\"https:\/\/alsahwa.om\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/46e99f015576535827c0b99aa8b72b42-300x170.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"170\" srcset=\"https:\/\/alsahwa.om\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/46e99f015576535827c0b99aa8b72b42-300x170.jpg 300w, https:\/\/alsahwa.om\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/46e99f015576535827c0b99aa8b72b42-1024x579.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/alsahwa.om\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/46e99f015576535827c0b99aa8b72b42-768x434.jpg 768w, https:\/\/alsahwa.om\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/46e99f015576535827c0b99aa8b72b42-1536x869.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/alsahwa.om\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/46e99f015576535827c0b99aa8b72b42-2048x1158.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/alsahwa.om\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/46e99f015576535827c0b99aa8b72b42-750x424.jpg 750w, https:\/\/alsahwa.om\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/46e99f015576535827c0b99aa8b72b42-1140x645.jpg 1140w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0630\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0647\u0646\u0627 : \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0647 \u0630\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u061f<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0630\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 , \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627 , \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0648\u0632\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 (\u0650\u0650\u0650Afify,2018).<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064c\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064c\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064c\u0645 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0627 \u00a0\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0630\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649. \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0630\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0632\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u060c \u0648 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 (Shepard, 2000 ).<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u00a0 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0630\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0648\u0632\u0628\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0643\u0644 7 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a .\u062b\u0645 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1989\u0645 \u00a0\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a ( Afify,2018).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"59438\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/alsahwa.om\/?attachment_id=59438\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/alsahwa.om\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/DqH1nXJXgAAUNXm.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1200,900\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"DqH1nXJXgAAUNXm\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/alsahwa.om\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/DqH1nXJXgAAUNXm-300x225.jpg\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/alsahwa.om\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/DqH1nXJXgAAUNXm-1024x768.jpg\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-59438\" src=\"https:\/\/alsahwa.om\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/DqH1nXJXgAAUNXm-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/alsahwa.om\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/DqH1nXJXgAAUNXm-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/alsahwa.om\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/DqH1nXJXgAAUNXm-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/alsahwa.om\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/DqH1nXJXgAAUNXm-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/alsahwa.om\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/DqH1nXJXgAAUNXm-750x563.jpg 750w, https:\/\/alsahwa.om\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/DqH1nXJXgAAUNXm-1140x855.jpg 1140w, https:\/\/alsahwa.om\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/DqH1nXJXgAAUNXm.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u00a0 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649\u00a0 \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0647 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0644\u0647. \u00a0\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627 (Bandura,1989)\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0634\u0633(Dorfman &amp; Fortus, 2019)\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062f\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 , \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a, \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u00a0\u0648\u064a\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062e\u0630\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627\u00a0\u0648\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0646\u00a0\u0628\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a \u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0648\u0633 (Dorfman &amp; Fortus, 2019 ( \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645.\u0648\u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u062f\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u00a0\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629\u00a0 .<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0644\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 STS) )\u060c \u064a\u0636\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0637 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629.\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645( (NSTA \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 (AAAS) \u00a0\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 (NSF) \u00a0\u0648\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646(2061)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 (Heath,1992).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"59440\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/alsahwa.om\/?attachment_id=59440\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/alsahwa.om\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/thumb-2.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"877,492\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"thumb\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/alsahwa.om\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/thumb-2-300x168.jpg\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/alsahwa.om\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/thumb-2.jpg\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-59440\" src=\"https:\/\/alsahwa.om\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/thumb-2-300x168.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"168\" srcset=\"https:\/\/alsahwa.om\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/thumb-2-300x168.jpg 300w, https:\/\/alsahwa.om\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/thumb-2-768x431.jpg 768w, https:\/\/alsahwa.om\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/thumb-2-750x421.jpg 750w, https:\/\/alsahwa.om\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/thumb-2.jpg 877w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><u>\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645<\/u><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 .<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u062a\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u00a0 \u0623\u0648 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0644\u063a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u00a0 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u00a0 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629\u00a0 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u064a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0630\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0637\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0648\u0629 &#8211; \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a\u00a0 \u0634\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629, \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627. \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u062a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u062c\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21,"featured_media":59434,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":{"subtitle":"","format":"standard","video":"","gallery":"","source_name":"","source_url":"","via_name":"","via_url":"","override_template":"0","override":[{"single_blog_custom":"","parallax":"0","fullscreen":"0","sidebar":"","second_sidebar":"","sticky_sidebar":"0","share_position":"","share_float_style":"","show_share_counter":"0","show_view_counter":"0","show_featured":"0","show_post_meta":"0","show_post_author":"0","show_post_author_image":"0","show_post_date":"0","post_date_format":"","post_date_format_custom":"","show_post_category":"0","show_post_tag":"0","show_prev_next_post":"0","show_popup_post":"0","number_popup_post":"1","show_author_box":"0","show_post_related":"0","show_inline_post_related":"0"}],"override_image_size":"0","image_override":[{"single_post_thumbnail_size":"","single_post_gallery_size":""}],"trending_post":"0","trending_post_position":"","trending_post_label":""},"jnews_primary_category":{"id":""},"jnews_social_meta":{"fb_title":"","fb_description":"","fb_image":"","twitter_title":"","twitter_description":"","twitter_image":""},"jnews_override_counter":{"override_view_counter":"0","view_counter_number":"0","override_share_counter":"0","share_counter_number":"0","override_like_counter":"0","like_counter_number":"0","override_dislike_counter":"0","dislike_counter_number":"0"},"jnews_post_split":{"enable_post_split":"0","post_split":[{"template":"1","tag":"h2","numbering":"asc","mode":"normal"}]},"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[46,19],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-59433","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-46","category-19"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/alsahwa.om\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/465947.jpg","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p9AqyT-fsB","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/alsahwa.om\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/59433","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/alsahwa.om\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/alsahwa.om\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alsahwa.om\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/21"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alsahwa.om\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=59433"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/alsahwa.om\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/59433\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":59442,"href":"https:\/\/alsahwa.om\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/59433\/revisions\/59442"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alsahwa.om\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/59434"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/alsahwa.om\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=59433"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alsahwa.om\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=59433"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alsahwa.om\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=59433"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}